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24 July 2005

STANDARD REFERENCE N - Z

Nelson, William. The Indians of New Jersey, Their Origin and Development, Manners and Customs, Language, Religion and Government. Paterson: The Press, 1894. Suitable for secondary school students. Includes a Delaware Indian word list and "The Salem Interpreter." (Weslager: "A worthy attempt to reconstruct the history of the Delawares while they were occupying New Jersey.... [It] is meant for popular reading.")

________. Personal Names of Indians of New Jersey. Paterson: The Paterson Historical Club. 1904. (Weslager comment: Contains many Indian names abstracted from early deeds and other documents."

________. "Delaware Clan Names." Man in the Northeast 6:57-60. 1973.

*Newcomb, William W., Jr. "A Note on Cherokee-Delaware Pan-Indianism." American Anthropologist 57:1041-1045. 1955. (Weslager: "Deals with the later period of Delaware history."

________. "The Peyote Cult of the Delaware Indians." Texas Journal of Science 8:202-211. 1956. (Weslager comment: "After they moved to Oklahoma a new cult came into existence, Peyotism, which was neither Delaware nor Christian.")

________. "The Walum Olum of the Delaware Nations in Perspective. " The Texas Journal of Science 7:55-62, 1955.. (Reprinted in Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey 30:29-32, 1974).

________. The Culture and Acculturation of the Delaware Indians. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers 10. Ann Arbor, 1956. (Weslager comment: "A ... technical treatise...which deals primarily with changes that took place in Delaware culture as a result of years of white contact.")

[New-York Historical Society.] Collections. Second Series, 1, New York: Printed for the Society by H. Ludwig. 1841. (Contains accounts relating to the Delawares by Adriaen Van der Donck, David Pietersz de Vries, John de Laet, and other seventeenth century observers, Westlager comment: "Contains important Indian references by early Dutch explorers, competently translated.")

Norwood, Joseph White. The Tammany Legend (Tamanend). Boston: Meador Publishing Co., 1938.

Olmstead, Earl P. Blackcoats Among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier. Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 1991.

O'Callaghan, Edmund B., ed. 1853-1887. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, 15 vols., Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. 1853-1887. (Vol. 12 dealing with the Delaware River Valley, 1624-1682, edited and translated by B. Farrow. Weslager comment: "Covers the Dutch and English settlements in the Delaware Valley when the Delawares were still in occupancy.")

O'Meara, John. Delaware-English/English-Delaware Dictionary. Toronto and Buffalo NY: University of Toronto Press, 1996. A dictionary of Munsee Delaware based on the research carried out with Delaware speakers at Moraviatown.

__________. Personal Names of Indians of New Jersey; Being a List of Six Hundred and Fifty Such Names, Gleaned Mostly from Indian Deeds of the Seventeenth Century. Paterson, N.J.: The Paterson' History Club: Paterson, NJ, 1904.

Osborne, Marty Pope. Standing in the Light: The Captive Diary of Catherine Carey Logan, Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania, 1763. Hardcover, 184pp., ISBN: 0590134620, Scholastic, Inc, August 1998. Average rating by reviewers 5*****. The Horn Book, Inc.: "After Carey, a Quaker farm girl is captured by the Lenape Indians, she must adjust to her new life and shed her old prejudices about Indians. Cathy's struggles with herself are convincing, and her diary provides insights into eighteenth-century life among both the European settlers and the Lenape. Appended are a historical note and period illustrations."

Pangburn, Richard. Indian Blood: Finding Your Native American Ancestor., Vol. 1. Louisville, KY: Butler Books, 1993. Available at the Ohio Genealogical Society Library: USA 973 NA193i.

[Pennsylvania]. Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania from the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government. 16 vols. Vols. 11-16 titled Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Ed. Samuel Hazard. Harrisburg and Philadelphia. (Vols. 1-3 reprinted 1852 with different pagination. (Weslager: "Also known as the Colonial Records, contain innumerable references to the Delawares for the reader willing to sift through the wordy texts of sixteen volumes, a laborious job that only a scholar is usually willing to undertake. These records are especially rich in the minutes of treaty conferences. "

Pennsylvania Archives. Ed, Samuel Hazard et al. 9 series, 138 vols. Philadelphia and Harrisburg. 1852-1949. (Weslager comment: "Contain many references to land purchases and other diplomatic negotiations with the Delawares."

Petrullo, Vincenzo M. The Diabolic Root: A study of Peyotism, the New Indian Religion Among the Delawares. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Reprinted by Octagon Press, 1975.)

Perry, Lynette and Manny Skolnik. Keeper of the Indian Dolls. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Includes an account of the trek of the mainstream of the Delaware from the Kansas Reserve to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in 1867. Retail price $12.00. Available from Amazon.com for $10.20 $3.99 shipping, total $14.79. Usually ship in 2-3 days. It tells very interestingly the story of growing up rural with both white and Indian backgrounds and neighbors. Recommended for Lenape Delaware readers.

Philhower, "Charles A. Some Personal Characteristics of the Lenape Indians." Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society. 16:138-161. 1931. (Weslager comment: "Adds little of consequence to the subject.")

________. The Art of the Lenape. Leaflet No. 1, 4 pages. no place: The Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 1932. Suitable for secondary school students. (Westlager comment: "A brief and unimportant summation of costuming, tattooing, sculpturing, pottery-making, and so forth.")

________. The Human Face in Lenape Archaeology. Leaflet no. 2, The Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 6 pages. Suitable for secondary school students.

________. "The Indians of the Morris County [New Jersey] Area." Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 54:249-267. Suitable for secondary school students. 1936. (Weslager comment: "Philhower's "The Historic Minisink Site" and "The Indians of Morris County Area in New Jersey" are commendable efforts to characterize the Indians who lived above the Delaware Water Gap, but they lack depth of research in deeds and other primary sources.")

________. "The Historic Minisink Site," Bulletin of the Archaeologica; Society of New Jersey 9 (1953)1-9; 8 (1954):1-7.

Pratt Papers in the Kansas Historical Society. A copy of the microfilm is at the Wyandot County Historical Society, Bonner Springs, KS.

Prevost, Toni Jollay. The Delaware and Shawnee Admitted to Cherokee Citizenship and the Related Wyandotte and Moravian Delaware. (Bowie, MD: Heritage Book, 1993). Ohio Genealogical Society Library USA 973 NA929d.

Prince, J. Dyneley. Notes on the Modern Minsi-Delaware Dialect. American Journal of Philology 21:295-302. 1900.

________. "An Ancient New Jersey Jargon." American Anthropologist, 14:508-524. 1912.

Reed, Henry Clay, ed. Delaware, A History of the First State. 3 vols. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. 1947. Suitable for secondary school students.

Reichel, William C. ed. Memorials of the Moravian Church, vol. 1. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co. 1870. Deals with the Moravian effort to convert the Delaware.

Relocated Cemeteries In Oklahoma and Parts of Arkansas, Kansas, and Texas. [Need the full citation. Does anyone have it? Editor]

Remsburg, George. "Events of a Century Ago in the For Leavenworth Area," from Rooting Around, Leavenworth Genealogical Society.

Ritchie, William A. The Bell-Philhower Site. Sussex County, New Jersey Indiana Historical Society Prehistory Research Series 3. Indianapolis. 1949.

Roark, Harry M. Charles Journeycake: Indian Statesman and Christian Leader. Published Thesis Doctoral Dissertation, Dallas: Taylor Publishing. 1970. (Weslager comment: " Is more accurate than The Indian Chief Journeycake, a biased and often erroneous account written fifty years earlier by S. H. Mitchell.")

Romig, Rev. Joseph. "The Chippewa and Munsee (or Christian) Indians of Franklin County, Kansas. Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society 11:314-323." Topeka. 1910. An account of the small group of Munsie-Delaware who remained in Kansas when the main body moved to Oklahoma.

Rose, Helen York. I Walked the Footsteps of My Grandfather. Ozark, MO: Dogwood Printing. Available at the Ohio Genealogical Society Library: USA 973 NA695i.

Royce, Charles C. Indian Land Cessions in the United States: Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years, 1896-1897. Part 2., pp. 521-997, Washington, D.C., 1899. (Reprinted by Arno Press.) (Weslager comment: "Treaties with the United States provided for the cession of the Delaware's lands, and drawings of lands reserved for their use are reproduced [therein]....Royce undertook this project with infinite patience, and the work stands as a memorial to his persistence and skill."

Ruttenber, Edward M. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River. Albany: J. Munsell, 1872. (Reissued 1971, , Port Washington, N.Y.: Ira J. Friedman Division, Kennikat Press.) (Weslager comment: "An overrated source of information, was published in 1872, based on limited primary sources and secondary sources of uneven quality. Research conducted since 1872 indicates that Ruttenber's interpretations of Delaware clans, bands, and geographical subdivisions should be revised.")

Schrabisch, Max. Archaeology of Delaware Valley, Publications of the Pennsylvania Historical Commission 1, Harrisburg, 1930.

Schweinitz, Edmund Alexander de. The Life and Times of David Zeisberger, the Western Pioneer and Apostle to the Indians. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1870.

Shriver, Phillip R., et al. Native Americans and Early Settlers: The Meeting of Cultures, 170's-1980's. Celina, OH: Mercer County Historical Society, 1989. Available at the Ohio Genealogical Society Library: OHIO 977.1 NA86n.

Sipe, Chester Hale. Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania. Butler PA: Ziegler Printing Company, 1927. (Weslager comment: "C. Hale Sipe's, Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania and Sipe's The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania are exciting and accurate accounts of the Delawares during the French and Indian Wars. suitable for popular reading."

________. The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania . Harrisburg: the Telegraph Press, 1929. See the above entry for Weslager's comments.

Skinner, Alanson B. The Indians of Greater New York. Cedar Rapids: Torch Press, 1915. (See "Customs of the Delaware," pp. 48-69.) (Weslager comment: "His remarks...need updating, but he did his best with the limited source material available. to him in 1915.")

________. Archaeological Investigations on Manhattan Island, New York. New York: Museum of the American Indian/Heye Foundation, Indian Notes and Monographs Series, New York, 1920. Out of print.

________. "Two Lenape Stone Masks from Pennsylvania and New Jersey." Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Indian Notes, and Monographs, Miscellaneous Series 3. New York, 1920.

"Songs of Lenape". Tape 1. Order from Delaware Tribal Book Shop, 220N. N.W. Virginia Ave, Bartlesville, OK 74003 for $10.00 plus $1.50 shipping, total $11.50.

"Songs of Lenape," Tape 2. Order as above.

Speck, Frank G. A Study of the Delaware Big House Ceremony. Publications of the Pennsylvania Historical Commission 2. Harrisburg, Pa., 1931. (Weslager comment: "Is a technical account of the most important Delaware ceremony, rendered phonetically in the Delaware language with an English translation. Speck;' data were obtained from a member of the Turkey group; if he had consulted a Wolf informant [or a turtle informant?] he would have found a different way of conducting the ceremony.")

________. [Ethnographic Notes from Fieldwork Among the Delawares in Ontario and Oklahoma.] (Manuscripts in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. [1931-1946]

________. "A Day in the Jersey Woods with a Delaware Indian." The General Magazine 35:9-12. 1935. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: "In two brief personal accounts, "A Day in the Jersey Woods with a Delaware Indian: and "Cruising the Eastern Woods with a Delaware Chief", Speck shares with the reader the emotions of his Indian companion, Witapanoxwe ) "Walks with Daylight"), on a canoe trip. The articles were practically duplications of each other. Although there are references to birds, herbs, and animals and to the Delaware' attitude toward them, one wishes that Speck had taken more time in the woods with the Indian and written a lengthier account of Watapanoxwe's rapport with the manifestations of nature.")

________. "Speaking of the Delawares." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 4, no. 4:3-9. 1935. (Weslager comment: "A good perspective of the [Delaware] tribe."

________. Oklahoma Delaware Ceremonies, Feasts and Dances. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 7. Philadelphia, 1937.

________. "The Grasshopper War in Pennsylvania, and Indian Myth That Became History," Pennsylvania Archaeologist 12:31-34. 1942. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: "The myth was a tale of how Delaware and Tuscarowa children began to fight over possession of a grasshopper they were playing with. Soon their mothers and other adults became involved in the quarrel. Finally open war broke out between the two tribes.")

"The Great Pennsylvania Earthquake of Indian Days," Pennsylvania Archaeologist 12:57-59. 1942. (Weslager comment: [A] folklorist account...of Delaware origin--tells that a catastrophic earthquake was sent by the Creator when the Delawares lived in Pennsylvania. This tremblor...was apparently sent to punish them because of the indifference that they were showing to their religious duties. This terrifying experience is supposed to have resulted in a revival of native religion, and the Delawares were faithful thereafter in observing their tribal ceremonies.")

________. "The Wapanachki Delawares and the English; Their Past as Viewed by an Ethnologist." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 67:319-344. 1943. (Weslager comment: "Speck points out that they merited seniority and respect because Wapanachki, with its variants (Wabanakim,Wabanocky, Abnaki, etc.), denotes "Sunrise Land" or "Easterners.")

________, in collaboration with Jesse Moses. The Celestial Bear Comes Down to Earth. Scientific Publications 7. Reading, Pa., 1945. Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery. (Weslager: [They] describe in detail a bear-sacrifice ceremony once practiced by the Delawares on the Grand River.")

_______. "Cruising the Eastern Woods With a Delaware Chief." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 16:31-33. 1946. Suitable for secondary school students.

________. "The Delaware Indians as Women: Were the Original Pennsylvanians Politically Emasculated?" Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 6:217-238. (Weslager comment: "Speck expresses doubt and "believes that two questions should be resolved: Were the Delawares reduced by conquest to political impotence? Or were they accorded social supremacy as honored matrons?")

*Squier, Ephraim George. Historical and Mythological Traditions of the Algonquians, with a Translation of the Walam-Olum, or Bark Record of the Lenni-Lenape." American Review (Feb., 1949):273-293.

Staab, Rodney. Preliminary Draft of a bibliographical sketch of NE-CON-HE-COND, chief of the Wolf band of the Delaware Indians during the territorial period of Kansas. Unpublished manuscript. Grinter Place Museum, 1988.

Stewart, Frank H. Indians of Southern New Jersey. Publications of the Gloucester County Historical Society 3. Woodbury, New Jersey. 1932. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: "In the absence of thorough documentary research, much of the article deals in generalities.")

Stewart, Tyrone. "Oklahoma Delaware Woman's Dance Clothing." American Indian Crafts and Cultures 7(6):4-13; 18-22. 1971. Suitable for secondary school students.

Strickland, W. P., ed. Autobiography of Rev. James B. Finley or, Pioneer Life in the West. Cincinnati: Cranston and Curtis [1853]. Rare Book-MSS Room at the Ohio Genealogical Society Lbrary.

The Winning of the West. Tucson Ariz.: The Patrice Press. Probably out-of-print.[ Need author and date of publication.]

Tantaquidgeon, Gladys. A Study of Delaware Indian Practice and Folk Beliefs. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1942.

________. "Delaware Indian Art Designs." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 20:24-30. 1950. Contains bed and ribbon designs used in Delaware costumes. (Weslager comment: "She states that art motifs consist primarily of floral and geometric (angular) patterns, with human and animal figures very rare.")

________. Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1972. (A reprint of the author's A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practices and Folk Beliefs, Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1942.This edition also contains "Notes on Mohegan Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs." (Weslager comment: "Gladys Tantaquidgeon['s], a Mohegan descendant, [monograph] contains information obtained from James Webber, an Oklahoma Delaware, during his visit to Philadelphia in 1928. Webber's mother was a Munsie and his father was party Cherokee, which tends to detract from the data as being wholly Delaware.")

Thompson, Charles. An Inquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawanese Indians from the British Interest, and in the Measures taken for recovering their Friendship. London: J. Wilkie. 1759. (Reprinted 1867, Philadelphia: John Campbell.) (Weslager comment: Charles Thompson, a contemporary whose sympathies were with the Indians, reveals the exploitation of the Delawares after Penn's death.")

Thompson, Charles N. Sons of the Wilderness, John and William Conner. Indiana Historical Society Publications 12, Indianapolis, 1937. Second Edition, Conner Prairie Press: Noblesville, IN, 1988. ISBN 0-9617367-6-3. Available from Amazon.com or by U.S. mail to Amazon.com, P.O. Box 15550, New Castle, DE 19720-5550 for $11.01 plus $3.99 shipping, total $15.00. Credit cards O.K. Timothy Crumrin, Historian for Conner Prairie, in the publication A Living History Museum, had this to say --in part--about the book. "By tracing the experiences of William Conner, his parents, and his brother John and his other siblings in this book, and by learning more of William's Delaware Indian Family, one can see much of the United States' early history unfold. By learning about the Conners, the reader learns about Native American/White interaction, the creation of middle America, and the insistent movement westward into new frontiers--no matter who had to be pushed out, or how." (Weslager: "Despite a misleading title, is an authentic account of the Delawares in Indiana and their role in the War of 1812. Thompson, however, made an error that Ferguson and others perpetuated. He mistakenly identified Mekinges (mother of the Delaware chiefs John and James Conner) as the daughter of Chief William Anderson.")

Thornbrough, Gayle, ed. Letter Book of the Indian Agency at Fort Wayne 1809-1815. Indiana Historical Society Publications 21. Indianapolis. 1961. (Weslager comment: "Contains letters about the Delawares written by two United States Indian agents, Benjamin F. Stickney and John Johnston. Johnston supervised the Delawares for many years and was well regarded by the tribe.")

Thurman, Melburn D. "Delaware Social Organization." in A Delaware Indian Symposium, Herbert C. Kraft, ed. Pennsylvania Historical, and Museum Commission, Anthropological Series 4. Harrisburg, 1978.

Thwaites, Reuben G., and Louise P. Kellogg eds. The Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 1775-1777. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society. 1908. (Weslager comment: "Thwaites and Kellogg provide interesting interpretations of data relating to the Delawares.")

________. Frontier Defense on the Upper Ohio 1777-1778. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society. 1912. (Weslager comment: "Using the Draper manuscripts in the collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Louise P. Kellogg edited two fine volumes, Frontier Advance on the Upper Ohio, 1778-1779 and Frontier Retreat on the Upper Ohio, 1779-1791. No study of the roles of the Delawares in the Revolution would be complete without consulting these sources.")

Tregillis, Helen Cox. The Native Tribes of Old Ohio. Bowie MD: Heritage Books, 1993. Ohio Genealogical Society Library OHIO 977.1 NA716n.

Trelease, Allen W. Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1960. (Weslager comment: " A modern, authoritative study. Trelease properly raises doubts that the Minisinks were a subdivision of the Delawares. He believes that the Delaware tribes were not really a tribe at all until well into the eighteenth century, and that at the time of White contact it was fragmented into thirty to forty autonomous communities. I fully agree with this conclusion. ")

Trowbridge, Charles C. Traditions of the Lenee Lenaupaa [sic] or Delawares. (Manuscript in C. C Trowbridge Papers. Michigan Historical Collections, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1824. )

________. [Delaware Grammar.] Manuscript in Michigan Historical Collections, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,1824).

________. " Account of Some of the Traditions, Manners and Customs of the Lenee Lenaupaa [ca. 1823]or Delaware Indians." In C. A. Weslager, The Delaware Indians: A History.

"Two Minute Books of Kansas Missions in the Forties." Kansas Historical Quarterly 2:227-250. 1933. (Weslager comment: "Provides the names of Delawares who became Christians.")

Van der Donck, Adriaen. "A Description of the New Netherlands," [2nd Dutch edition 1656]." Trans. Jeremiah Johnson. Collections of the New York Historical Society , 2nd series, 1:125-242. 1841. (First edition probably published in Amsterdam in 1653. Reprinted 1977; ed. Thomas F. O'Donnell, Syracuse University Press.)

Van Laan, Nancy. Rainbow Crow: A Lenape Tale. Beatrice Vidal, illustrator, September 1991.. Available from Amazon.com on 29 August 2002 for $6.99 plus shipping. Paperback. Reading level: Baby-Pre-school.

Van Loon, L. G. Tawagonshi. Beginning of the Treaty Era. Indian Historian. He supported the signing of a treaty in 1713c with the Dutch. 1(3):23-26. [Check title]

Vaux, Roberts. "A memoir on the Locality of the Great Treaty Between William Penn and the Indian Natives [Delaware] in 1862." Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania 1:81-98. 1826.

Voegelin, Charles F. "The Lenape and Munsee Dialects of Delaware, An Algonquian Language." Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 49:34-37. 1940.

________. "Word Distortions in Delaware Big House and Walam Olum Songs." Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 51:48-54. 1941.

________. "Delaware, an Eastern Algonquian Language." Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 6:130-157. New York. 1946. (Weslager comment: "A detailed discussion of the Delaware language.")

*Voegelin, Erminie W. "Culture Parallels to the Delaware Walam Olum." "Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 49:29-31. 1939. (This chapter was expanded into a full chapter entitled "Parallels to the Delaware Walam Olum," and published in 1954 in Walam Olum, or Red Score: The Migration Legend of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. (Weslager comment: "Introduces evidence... that other eastern tribes preserved the story of their past by pictographs painted on sticks and that there is little reason to doubt the authenticity of the Wala Olum.")

Volkman, Arthur G. "Chief Naaman-Naaman Creek." Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware 4, no. 3, pp. 2-8. 1946.

________. "Lenape Basketry in Delaware." Bulletin of the Archaeology Society of Delaware 4, no. 5. pp. 15-18. 1949. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: "Illustrates two baskets made by an aged Delaware, "Indian Hannah," who died in 1802 in the Chester County, Pennsylvania poorhouse, the last full blood who lived on the Brandywine.")

Wainwright, Nicholas B. George Croghan, Wilderness Diplomat. Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press. 1959. (Weslager comment: "A highly recommended account of Sir William Johnson's deputy and his relations with the Delawares both as a White ambassador and as an entrepreneur in the fur trade.")

*Walam Olum, or Red Score: The Migration Legend of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. Charles F. Voeglin, trans: Contributions by Eli Lilly, Erminie W. Voegelin, Joe E. Pierce, Glenn A. Black, Georg K. Newmann, 2nd, Paul Weer,. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 1954. (Weslager comment: "According to the interpretations made..., the Delawares came to Alaska from Asia across the Bering Strait..., and then went south to the Mississippi River. There they engaged in a war with the Taligewi tribe, after which they continued their journey to the East.")

Wallace, Anthony F. C. "Women, Land, and Society: Three Aspects of Aboriginal Delaware Life." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 17:1-35. 1947. (Weslager comment: "Covers political relations between the Delawares and the Five Nations. Wallace also treats competently of Delaware land tenure and social organization, although he incorrectly indicates that Delaware matrons were chief makers.")

________. "The Role of the Bear in Delaware Society." Pennsylvania Archaeologist. 10:37-40. 1949.(Weslager comment: "...illustrates how the role of the bear was institutionalized in Delaware Society.")

_______. King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1703-1763. Syracuse, N. Y: Syracuse University Press, 1949, 1990. (Weslager comment: "...covers the activities of the Delawares during the war and peace negotiations in a splendid work than is much more than the biography the title suggests.")

________. "Some Psychological Characteristics of the Delaware Indians During the 17th and 18th Centuries." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 20:33-39. 1950. (Weslager comment: "...undertakes to characterize Delaware psychological traits from a study of early accounts. Contemporary literature in this area is incomplete and contradictory, and although Wallace deserves credit for trying, his paper in inconclusive.)

________. "New Religions Among the Delaware Indians, 1600-1900." Southwest Journal of Anthropology 12:1-21. 1956.

Wallace, Paul A. W. "John Heckewelder's Indians and the Fenimore Cooper Tradition." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96: 96:496-504.

________. ed. Thirty Thousand Miles with John Heckewelder." Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 1958.

________. "The John Heckewelder Papers." Pennsylvania History 27: 249-262. 1960.

________. Indians in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: The Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, 1961. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: "...for popular reading containing details about Delaware Indian life and customs.....descriptions of dress, houses, food and cooking, warfare, canoes, trails, and so forth, are authentic."

________. Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. 1965. (Weslager comment: "Wallace traces the routes of several hundred Delaware Indian trails evolved into bridle paths and wagon roads, and some eventually became modern motor highways."

________. "New Religions Among the Delaware Indians, 1600-1900." Southwest Journal of Anthropology 12:1-21.

Weer, Paul. "Thomas Dean and the Delaware Towns." Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 56:26-32. 1947. (Weslager: "A reliable and extremely valuable description ... of Delaware village locations, customs, and the names of their leaders during the period when the main body occupied Indiana.")

The former C. A. Weslager (along with the former Herbert C. Kraft) was the leading recent author of books and articles about the Lenape-Delaware.

Weslager, C. A. (Clinton Alfred). "Delaware Indian Villages." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 12:53-56. 1942.

________. "The Minquas and their Early Relations with the Delaware Indians." Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware 4, no. 1, pp. 14-23. 1943. (Weslager: "Offers evidence that the Minquas defeated the Delawares.")

________. Delaware's Buried Past, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1944. (Reissued with an addendum 1968. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: "Discusses archaeological findings in Delaware in a book intended for the general reader but refrains from associating prehistoric artifacts with the historical Delawares.") Barnes and Noble on 2 Feb. 2001 had one copy, paperback, @$18.00 plus shipping.

________. "The Delaware Indians as Women." Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 34(12):381-388. Washington. 1944.

________. "Further Light on the Delaware Indians as Women." Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37:298-304. 1947.

________. "The Indians of Lewes, Delaware, and an Unpublished Indian Deed Dated June 7, 1659." Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware 4, no. 5, pp. 6-14. 1949. (Weslager comment: "Introduces documentary data indicating that Delawar5e influence extended southward to Cape Henlopen. He theorizes that an Indian village at Lewes was occupied by Unalachtigo Delawares.")

________., in collaboration with Arthur A. Dunlap. Indian Place Names in Delaware. Wilmington: Archaeological Society of Delaware. 1950.

________. A Brief Account of the Indians of Delaware. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. 1953. (Second edition revised by author, reprinted in 1973.) (Weslager comment: "Covers the customs of the Nanticokes and Delawares, although the emphasis is on the latter....Intended for readers as young as twelve years of age.")

________. Red Men on the Brandywine. Wilmington: Hambleton Co. (Reissued with an addendum 1976, Wilmington: Delmarva News Agency, Inc.) 1953. Suitable for secondary school students. Weslager comment: "Weslager compiled documentary data about a band of Delawares who lived along Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania and Delaware. with the names of their chiefs.")

________. "Robert Evelyn's Indian Tribes and Place Names of New Albion." Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey 9:1-14. 1954. (Weslager comment: "A description of the early Delaware Indian communities in New Jersey is found in a letter written by an Englishman, Robert Evelyn, first published in 1641 in an anonymous tract and reprinted in 1648. Weslager uses the 1641 version in his transcription...Evelyn's letter name nine Indian communities in New Albion, the designation for land in New Jersey patented by Sir Edmund Plowden. Weslager places these communities on a map with suggested interpretations of the Indian names.")

________. "The Delaware Indians, Their Gods, Their Religious Ceremonies." Bulletin of the Archaeology Society of Delaware 7, no. 1:31-38. 1955. (Weslager: "Weslager...summarized some of the data developed by Speck and Harrington in a brief popular account.")

________. "Delaware Indian Villages at Philadelphia." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 26:178-180. 1956.

________. "The Swede Meets the Reds Man." Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware 8, no. 1, pp. 1-12. 1957. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: Weslager emphasizes "That the Swedes were interested in three things: acquiring land from the Delawares, obtaining animal pelts from them, and converting them to Christianity."

________, in collaboration with Arthur A. Dunlap. "Toponomy of the Delaware River Valley as Revealed by an Early Seventeenth Century Dutch Map." Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, No. 15-16, pp. 1-13. 1958. (Includes a facsimile pf a map showing Indian settlements.) (Adds to the knowledge of the general location of these early autonomous Delaware Indian communities. A facsimile of a map accompanying the article is dated by the authors about 1629....This article...would be more useful if the authors had been able to pinpoint village locations and describe the dwellings and customs of the residents.")

________, Dutch Explorers, Traders and Settlers in the Delaware Valley, 1609-1664. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1961. (Weslager comment: "Based on Defries's account, relates how the Delaware Indians, massacred the Dutch settlers at Swanendaelael (present Lewes, Delaware). This volume also includes seventeenth-century documentary references to land the Dutch purchased from the Delawares.") Barnes and Noble on 5 Feb. 2001 had 5 copies @$24-$58 plus shipping.

________, in collaboration with Arthur A. Dunlap. "Names and Places in an Unrecorded Delaware Indian Deed (1681)" Delaware History 9:282-292. 1961.

________. "Name Giving Among the Delaware Indians." Names 19:268-283. Topeka, Kansas. 1971. (Weslager comment: "Deriving his information from both historical sources and a living name-giver, explains that each Delaware bore one real name (no surnames were used)."

________. The Delaware Indians, A History. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1972. (Reprinted Feb. 1990 by Rutgers University Press. ISBN: 0813514940.) Available from the Delaware Tribal Gift Shop, 220 N.W. Virginia Avenue, Bartlesville, OK 74003 for $20 plus $4 shipping, total $24. This may not be available currently. (Weslager comments: When White settlers overran Indiana, the United States government moved the Delawares across the Mississippi to new homes in Missouri Territory. Eight years later the government moved them from Missouri to Kansas Territory, and in 1867 the Delawares [except for the Kansas Delaware--Editor] finally migrated to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. Weslager discusses these movements...and amplifies the details in The Delaware Indian Westward Migration.") The American Historical Review says: "One of the best tribal histories...decades of research...a rich blend of archeology, anthropology, and Indian oral traditions." Barnes and Noble has used paperbacks @$32-40 and used hard covers $65-87 plus shipping, but also new paperbacks @$17.95 plus shipping. On 29 August 2002 Amazon.com offered the December 1990 paperback edition retail $23,00 at $16.10 plus shipping. They also offered the second edition of the original hardback of 1972 for $51.75 plus shipping.

________. "A New Look at Brinton's Lenape-English Dictionary." Pennsylvania Anthropologist 42, no. 4, pp. 23-25. [Although published in 1974 this number was dated December 1972 to fill a gap in the series. (Weslager comment: "Actually the dictionary is a composite of words from the Munsie and Unami dialects, collected by at least five Moravian preachers over a hundred-year period."

________. Magic Medicines of the Indians. Somerset, New Jersey: Middle Atlantic Press. 1973. (Reprinted New York: 1974, New American Library.) Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager Comment: "Contains herb cures obtained from Touching Leaves, a full-blooded Delaware practitioner.")

________. " Enrollment List of Chippewa and Delaware-Munsie Living in Franklin County, Kansas, May 31, 1900." Kansas Historical Quarterly 40(2):234-240. Topeka. 1974.

________. "More About the Unalachtigo." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 45, no. 3, pp. 40-44. 1975.

________, and James A. Rementer. "American Indian Genealogy and a List of Names Bestowed by a Delaware Indian Name Giver." Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine. 30:22-31.

________. The Delaware Indian Westward Migration, With Texts of Two Manuscripts, 1821-22, Responding to General Lewis Cass' Inquiries About Lenape Culture and Language. Wallingford, Pa.: Middle Atlantic Press, 1978. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77--99286. ISBN: 0-912608-06-4. Suitable for secondary school students. Reviewers had this to say: "In this book C. A. Weslager adds once more to the debt already owed him by all students of Delaware Indian history. As a result of his efforts, the Delawares have become one of the few tribes to have their history written from earliest known times to the present day." (Dr. Francis Jennings, Director, The Newberry Library) And, "It is a fine piece of work that adds to our knowledge of this important group of American Indians in two ways--first by publishing for the first time the full texts of two manuscripts written in 1821 and 1822 describing Delaware culture, and second by providing the reader with a detailed account, pieced together by Weslager from primary historical sources, of the details of the westward migration." (Dr. Anthony D. C. Wallace, Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania) (Weslager comment: "Weslager...introduces evidence that she [Me-kin-ges] was a member of the Ketchum family.")

________. The Delawares: A Critical Bibliography. Bloomington IN: Published for the Newberry Library [by] Indiana University Press, c1978. Available at the Haskell Indian Nations University Library Call No. Z1210.D4/W47. Choice, in part, had this to say about this volume: The Delawares has two main parts: an essay and an alphabetical list of all works cited. All citations in the essay are keyed by means of bracketed numbers to the more complete information in the bibliography. The series...deserves to be placed on standing order in any library that supports any aspect of Native American studies." Barnes and Noble on 5 February 2001 had the paperback edition @ $24 and the HC @48-55 plus shipping.

Wilker, Josh and Joshua D. G. Wilker. The Lenape Indians (Junior Library of American Indians). Available at Amazon.com. Price $19.75 plus shipping. Reading level 9-12. Library binding.

Witcher, Mary Smith, comp. and Fay Smith Arellano, ed. Our Cherokee-Delaware Heritage. Phoenix: Privately published, 1904. Queries re orders can be sent to Fay Louise Smith Arellano, 3628 West Earll Drive, Phoenix, AZ 85019-4243.

Witthoft, John. "The Grasshopper War in Lenape Land." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 16:91-94. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comment: " Witthoft's information led him to suggest that according to tradition the Grasshopper War was between the Delawares and the Shawnees, not the Tuscararas. Since there is not even a hint in either written accounts or Indian tradition that the Delawares were ever at war in Pennsylvania with either the Shawnees or the Tuscararas, these are obviously exaggerated folktales.")

________. "An Outline of Pennsylvania Indian History." Pennsylvania History 16(3):3-15. Harrisburg, 1949.

________. Indian Prehistory of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

Wright, Muriel H. A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1951. Reprinted 1986. Address: 100 Asp, Norman OK 73019. tel. 405-325-5111. (See pp.145-155 for a discussion of the Delaware.) One drawback is the absence of documentation. Suitable for secondary school students. (Weslager comments: "It is regrettable that space did not allow a more detailed account, but the author overtaxed the capacity of a single volume by attempting to discuss sixty-seven tribes.")

Wyandotte County and Kansas City, Kansas: Historical and Biographical; Chicago: Goodspeed Publishing, 1890.

Zeisberger, David. Essay of a Delaware-Indian and English Spelling-Book for the Use of the Schools of the Christian Indians on Muskingum River. Philadelphia: Printed by Henry Miller, 1776.

David Zeisberger

________. Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary: English, German, Iroquois--The Onondaga and Algonquin--The Delaware. Cambridge, Mass.: E. N. Hartford, 1887.

________. History of the Northern American Indians 1779]-1780]. Eds. Archer Butler Hulbert and William Nathaniel Schwarze. In Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 19:1-189. Columbus, 1910. (Reprinted AMS Press, Inc.) (Weslager comment: "David Zeisberger stated...that the Delawares were divided into three tribes: "Unamis, Wunalachticos, and Monsys.")

________. The Diaries of Zeisberger Relating to the First Mission in the Ohio Basin [1767-1769]. Eds. Archer Butler Hulbert and William Nathaniel Schwarze. The Moravian Records 2. In Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 21:1-125. (Weslager comment: "The most zealous Moravian missionary was David Zeisberger, who was adopted into the Delaware Tribe.")

Zeisberger, David, and John G. Jungman. ["Diaries of the Moravian Missions in Western Pennsylvania."] Tilde Marx, trans. (Typescript in Merle Deardorff Papers, Warren Historical Society, Warren, Pa, 1769-1772.) [S] Zeisberger, David, and Gottlob, Sensman. Diary of David Zeisberger and Gottlob Sensman, 1768-1769. Archer B. Hulbert and William N. Schwarze, eds. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 21:42-104. Columbus, 1912.

________. Diary of David Zeisberger, a Moravian Missionary Among the Indians of Ohio, 1781-1789. Eugene F. Bliss, ed. and trans. 2 vols., Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1883.

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